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A group of Buddhist monks in Bihar are on a new peace mission preaching Lord Buddha's message of non-violence in the Maoist affected villages of Gaya district. Five Buddhist monks Sunday visited Saidpur, a village affected by Maoist violence near Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha attained enlightenment, and preached his message of peace and non-violence to villagers.

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Buddhist experts agreed on the need for more English-language books on and translations of Korean Buddhism, and even an English newspaper on the subject during an annual seminar last week.

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The International Linear Collider

If the project receives financial backing after technical reports due in 2012, the ILC would be a 35-kilometre-long straight accelerator. While the LHC collides protons, which contain quarks and gluons, the ILC will smash electrons and positrons. Collisions will be "cleaner" than the LHC because electrons and positrons are fundamental particles. This makes for less ambiguity when trying to work out what produced any new particles. In the LHC, charged particles lose energy with each rotation.

Date of completion: 2020s
Cost: $8 billion
Pros: Cleaner collisions. Technology reliable and well understood
Cons: In some scenarios, the maximum energy may not be sufficient to see all new physics of interest

The Compact Linear Collider

The CLIC would be a positron and electron linear accelerator like the ILC - and is also yet to be approved - but it would be shorter and have collisions at higher energies. A high-intensity, low-energy drive beam runs parallel to the colliding beams. Power built up in the drive beam is transferred in quick bursts to the main beams.

Date of completion: 2020s
Cost: No official estimate, ~$10 billion
Pros: Cleaner collisions. High energy and compact - the ILC would need to be 140 kilometres long to achieve the same energy, so vastly more expensive. Greater sensitivity to massive particles compared with sLHC
Cons: R&D for the new technology is still at an early stage

Far in the future

Other proposals include the Very Large Hadron Collider, which would have a collision energy of 40 to 200 TeV and would have to be built from scratch. Muon colliders, and an LHeC - smashing an electron beam into a proton beam - are also being considered.

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Modern particle physics research is focused on subatomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks), particles produced by radiative and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.

Strictly speaking, the term particle is a misnomer because the dynamics of particle physics are governed by quantum mechanics. As such, they exhibit wave-particle duality, displaying particle-like behavior under certain experimental conditions and wave-like behavior in others (more technically they are described by state vectors in a Hilbert space; see quantum field theory). Following the convention of particle physicists, "elementary particles" refer to objects such as electrons and photons, it is well known that these "particles" display wave-like properties as well.

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The Large Hadron Collider experiment has re-started after a 14-month hiatus while the machine was being repaired. Engineers have made two stable proton beams circulate in opposite directions around the machine, which is in a tunnel beneath the French-Swiss border. The team may try to increase the Ã,£6bn ($10bn) collider's energy to record-breaking levels this weekend. The LHC is being used to smash together beams of protons in a bid to shed light on the nature of the Universe. It is the world's largest machine and is housed in a 27km-long circular tunnel.

During the experiment, scientists will search for signs of the Higgs boson, a sub-atomic particle that is crucial to our current understanding of physics. Although it is predicted to exist, scientists have never found it.